Cholestáza

Cholestáza is a medical condition characterized by the reduction or cessation of bile flow from the liver. Bile is a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion, particularly the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins. When bile flow is impaired, bile accumulates in the liver and can back up into the bloodstream. This buildup can lead to various health problems.

Cholestáza can be categorized as either intrahepatic or extrahepatic. Intrahepatic cholestáza originates within the liver itself, often due to damage to the liver cells or the bile ducts within the liver. Causes include certain medications, viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and autoimmune conditions affecting the liver. Extrahepatic cholestáza occurs when the blockage is outside the liver, typically in the larger bile ducts that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. Common causes include gallstones, tumors pressing on the bile ducts, and inflammation of the bile ducts.

Symptoms of cholestáza can vary depending on the severity and underlying cause, but often include jaundice, which is the yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes due to elevated bilirubin levels. Other common symptoms are intense itching (pruritus), pale stools, dark urine, abdominal pain, nausea, and fatigue. In infants, prolonged cholestáza can lead to serious liver damage and failure to thrive.

Diagnosis of cholestáza involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood tests to assess liver function and bilirubin levels, and imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI to visualize the bile ducts and identify any obstructions. Treatment strategies are aimed at addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms. This may include medications to relieve itching, procedures to remove obstructions from bile ducts, or surgery in some cases.