Carantanians

The Carantanians were a Slavic principality that existed in the territory of present-day Austria and Slovenia during the Early Middle Ages. Their name is derived from the Carni, an ancient Celtic people who inhabited the region, and the Slavic word "grad" meaning "fortress" or "city." The Carantanian state emerged in the 7th century, likely from a combination of Slavic settlers and the remnants of the local population.

The exact political structure and extent of the Carantanian principality are not fully documented. Historical sources suggest it was a tribal confederation ruled by dukes. The region was strategically important, situated between the Frankish Empire to the west and the Avars to the east. Carantania is known for its unique practice of ducal enthronement, where new rulers were chosen and installed by the people in a public ceremony on the Prince's Stone (Knežji kamen). This ritual is seen as an early form of democratic practice.

In the late 8th century, Carantania fell under the influence of the Frankish Empire, particularly under Charlemagne. It was eventually incorporated into the East Frankish realm and later became part of the Duchy of Bavaria. Despite its eventual absorption, the memory of Carantanian independence and its distinct cultural identity persisted for centuries, influencing later Slavic and German populations in the region. The Prince's Stone remains a significant historical monument, symbolizing Carantanian autonomy.