Biomoleku

Biomoleku refers to any molecule produced by living organisms that participates in biological processes. The term covers both small, metabolically active molecules and larger macromolecules essential to life. Examples include amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, and fatty acids, as well as proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and complex lipids.

Biomoleku can be categorized by size and function. Small biomoleku include monomers and metabolites, while macromoleku include polymers such as proteins and nucleic acids. Functions range from information storage (DNA, RNA) and catalysis (enzymes) to structural roles (cellulose, collagen), signaling (hormones, receptors), and energy storage and transport (glycogen, lipids).

Most biomoleku are carbon-based and contain common elements such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. They are assembled and modified by cellular biosynthetic pathways and are degraded in catabolic reactions to release energy or recycle components. Their synthesis is tightly regulated and responsive to cellular state.

In research and industry, biomoleku are studied with techniques such as chromatography, mass spectrometry, and spectroscopy. Understanding their properties and interactions underpins fields like biochemistry, molecular biology, medicine, nutrition, and biotechnology.