Astrotsüütide

Astrotsüütide, also known as astrocytes, are a type of glial cell found in the central nervous system. They are the most abundant cell type in the brain and are named for their star-like shape. Astrocytes play a crucial role in supporting neuronal function and maintaining the delicate environment of the brain.

One of the primary functions of astrocytes is to provide structural support to neurons. They ensheath blood vessels, forming the blood-brain barrier, which regulates the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the brain. Astrocytes also extend processes that surround synapses, the junctions between neurons, where they help to regulate neurotransmitter levels and synaptic transmission.

Furthermore, astrocytes are involved in the metabolic support of neurons. They can take up glucose from the blood and convert it into lactate, which can then be supplied to neurons as an energy source. Astrocytes also play a role in clearing metabolic waste products and excess ions from the extracellular space, helping to maintain neuronal excitability and prevent damage.

In addition to these supportive roles, astrocytes are increasingly recognized for their active participation in neuronal signaling. They can release their own signaling molecules, known as gliotransmitters, which can modulate neuronal activity. Astrocytes also respond to neuronal signals, forming a complex network of communication within the brain. Their involvement in various neurological conditions, including stroke, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases, highlights their importance in both health and disease.