Approximationsverfahren

Approximations are methods for estimating quantities when exact results are unavailable or impractical. They rely on simplifying assumptions, mathematical expansions, or numerical procedures, and are fundamental in mathematics, science, and engineering.

Analytical approximations derive closed-form expressions that are easier to work with, such as series expansions (Taylor, asymptotic), perturbation methods, or bounding arguments. Numerical approximations replace continuous problems with discrete ones, using techniques like finite differences, finite elements, numerical integration, and iterative solvers. Probabilistic or statistical approximations use randomness or sampling to estimate quantities, common in simulation and uncertainty quantification.

Errors accompany all approximations. Truncation error arises from ignoring terms in a series; rounding error from finite precision; model error from simplifying assumptions. Accuracy is described by order of convergence or error bounds, and results are typically validated against exact solutions, experimental data, or higher-precision computations.

Examples include using a Taylor series to approximate a function near a point, Newton’s method to find roots, finite difference schemes for derivatives, Monte Carlo integration for high-dimensional integrals, and finite element methods for solving differential equations.

Approximations require awareness of their domain of validity, potential instability, and computational cost. Good practice involves error estimation, sensitivity analysis, and cross-checking against known benchmarks.