Aktants

Aktants are a concept in narratology and semiotics, particularly associated with Algirdas Julien Greimas's actantial model. An aktant is a generalized role within a narrative that can be filled by a human, an animal, an object, or even an abstract entity. The model identifies six potential aktantial functions, though not all are present in every narrative. These are the Subject, the Object, the Sender, the Receiver, the Helper, and the Opponent.

The Subject is the protagonist, the entity that desires or seeks the Object. The Object represents the goal or prize that the Subject is pursuing. The Sender is the force that instigates the action or gives the Subject its mission. The Receiver is the entity for whom the action is ultimately performed or who benefits from the Subject's success. The Helper is any force, character, or element that aids the Subject in achieving its goal. Conversely, the Opponent is any force or character that hinders or obstructs the Subject.

The actantial model provides a framework for analyzing the underlying structure of narratives, moving beyond specific characters to identify fundamental relational functions. It emphasizes the dynamic interplay between these roles, regardless of their concrete manifestation in a story. This approach allows for cross-narrative comparisons and a deeper understanding of narrative construction.