Acyltransferi

Acyltransferi refers to a class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an acyl group from one molecule to another. An acyl group is a functional group derived from a carboxylic acid by removal of its hydroxyl group. These enzymes play crucial roles in a wide variety of biological processes, including metabolism, signaling, and biosynthesis.

The general reaction catalyzed by acyltransferases involves the transfer of an acyl group, typically from a carrier molecule, to a nucleophilic acceptor. Common acyl groups transferred include acetyl, fatty acyl, and aminoacyl groups. The carrier molecules are often activated coenzymes such as acyl-CoA or acetyl-CoA, or molecules like phospholipids. The acceptor molecules can be alcohols, amines, thiols, or other acyl groups.

Acyltransferases are essential for the synthesis and modification of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. For example, they are involved in the synthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids, which are important components of cell membranes and energy storage. In protein modification, acyltransferases can attach acyl groups to amino acid residues, altering protein function and stability. They are also involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and hormones.

Enzyme commission (EC) classification places acyltransferases under EC 2.3, which covers transferases. Specific subclasses exist within this category, such as EC 2.3.1 for acyltransferases and other acyl group transferases, and EC 2.3.2 for aminoacyltransferases. Understanding the mechanisms and substrates of acyltransferases is vital for comprehending cellular biochemistry and for the development of therapeutic interventions targeting various diseases.