Acilszármazék

Acilszármazék is the Hungarian term for acyl derivative. An acyl derivative is a compound that can be thought of as derived from a carboxylic acid by replacing the hydroxyl group with a different nucleophile. This broad class of organic compounds includes acyl halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides. These functional groups share a common carbonyl group (C=O) attached to a leaving group, which makes them reactive towards nucleophilic acyl substitution. The nature of the leaving group determines the specific type of acyl derivative and its reactivity. For instance, acyl halides, where the leaving group is a halide ion, are highly reactive due to the electronegativity of the halogen. Acid anhydrides, with a leaving group of a carboxylate ion, are also quite reactive. Esters, formed by replacing the hydroxyl group with an alkoxide or phenoxide, and amides, where the hydroxyl group is replaced by an amine, are generally less reactive than acyl halides and anhydrides but still undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions under appropriate conditions. Acyl derivatives are important intermediates in organic synthesis and are found in many natural and synthetic compounds.