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Taste buds, or gustatory calyculi, are sensory organs responsible for the sense of taste. They are small, onion-shaped structures located primarily on the tongue, but also on the roof of the mouth, in the throat, and on the epiglottis. Each taste bud contains approximately 50 to 100 specialized cells, including gustatory cells and supporting cells.

Gustatory cells have hair-like projections called microvilli that extend into a pore on the surface of the taste bud. These microvilli contain receptor proteins that bind to different taste molecules dissolved in saliva. There are five primary tastes that taste buds can detect: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. Each taste bud contains receptors for all five tastes, though some may be more sensitive to certain tastes than others.

When taste molecules bind to the receptors, they trigger a signal that is transmitted to the brain via nerve fibers. The brain then interprets these signals, allowing us to perceive the flavor of food and beverages. The sensation of taste is also influenced by smell, texture, and temperature, contributing to our overall perception of flavor. Taste buds have a relatively short lifespan, typically regenerating every 10 to 14 days. This constant renewal ensures the continued sensitivity of our sense of taste.