velâyet

Velâyet is a term derived from the Arabic word "wali," meaning "guardian" or "trustee." It refers to the system of governance and administration in the Ottoman Empire, particularly in the provinces. The velâyet system was introduced by Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1864 to replace the traditional provincial administration, which had been in place since the 14th century.

Under the velâyet system, each province was governed by a vali, who was appointed by the central government in Constantinople (Istanbul). The vali was responsible for the administration of the province, including the collection of taxes, the maintenance of public order, and the enforcement of laws. The vali was assisted by a council of notables, known as the "meclis-i vilâyet," which provided advice and assistance in the administration of the province.

The velâyet system was designed to centralize the administration of the Ottoman Empire and to make it more efficient and effective. However, it also had its critics, who argued that it was too centralized and that it did not take into account the local customs and traditions of the provinces. Despite these criticisms, the velâyet system remained in place until the end of the Ottoman Empire in 1922.