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Signal modulation is a process used in telecommunications and signal processing to convey information by varying one or more properties of a carrier signal. The primary purpose of modulation is to enable the transmission of information over a medium that may not be suitable for direct transmission of the original signal. This is achieved by encoding the information onto a carrier signal, which can then be transmitted and later demodulated to recover the original information.

There are several types of signal modulation, each with its own characteristics and applications. Amplitude Modulation (AM) involves varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in proportion to the amplitude of the information signal. Frequency Modulation (FM) changes the frequency of the carrier signal in response to the information signal. Phase Modulation (PM) alters the phase of the carrier signal according to the information signal. Pulse Modulation techniques, such as Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), encode information by varying the amplitude or width of pulses.

Modulation is essential in various communication systems, including radio, television, and digital communications. It allows for efficient use of the transmission medium, enables multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously (multiplexing), and enhances the robustness of signal transmission against interference and noise. The process of modulation is typically followed by demodulation, which reverses the modulation process to extract the original information from the modulated signal.