ribosoomis

Ribosomes are complex molecular machines found in all living cells. They are responsible for protein synthesis, a fundamental process for all life. Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. They consist of two subunits, a large one and a small one, which come together during protein synthesis.

The process of protein synthesis, also known as translation, begins when messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome. The ribosome then moves along the mRNA strand, reading the genetic code in three-nucleotide units called codons. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, each carrying a specific amino acid, bind to the codons on the mRNA. The ribosome catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between these amino acids, linking them together in the order specified by the mRNA sequence. This chain of amino acids folds into a functional protein.

Ribosomes are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Prokaryotic ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm. The structure and function of ribosomes are remarkably conserved across different organisms, highlighting their essential role in biology. Research into ribosomes continues to shed light on fundamental cellular processes and has implications for understanding diseases and developing new therapies.