referendumok

Referendumok, the Hungarian term for referendums, are a form of direct democracy in which citizens vote on a specific policy question or constitutional provision. They may be binding, requiring implementation, or advisory, offering guidance without a legal obligation. They can occur at national, regional, or local levels and may address a single issue or several questions.

Initiation and procedures vary by country. They can be called by the government or legislature, or by a citizen initiative that meets signature requirements. After approval, campaigns proceed, voting takes place, and the results are counted and certified. Some jurisdictions impose turnout thresholds for validity; others rely on the majority of votes cast.

Validity and effect depend on legal rules. Turnout thresholds, majority rules, and constitutional provisions determine whether the outcome is binding and how it translates into policy.

Examples and context: Switzerland uses frequent nationwide referendums; Ireland often holds constitutional referendums; the United Kingdom's 2016 referendum on EU membership was advisory but influenced policy; Hungary's 2016 migrant-quota referendum was not binding due to insufficient turnout.