proteoglükanid

Proteoglükanid is a term that refers to molecules belonging to the class of proteoglycans. Proteoglycans are a diverse group of macromolecules that are found in connective tissues, extracellular matrices, and on cell surfaces. They are characterized by a core protein that is covalently attached to one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. The GAGs are long, unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units, typically an amino sugar and a uronic acid. The specific type of GAG chain (e.g., chondroitin sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate) and its structure determine many of the proteoglycan's properties and functions.

The term proteoglükanid itself is a direct translation or adaptation of "proteoglycan" into certain languages. In English, the standard and widely accepted term is proteoglycan. These molecules play crucial roles in various biological processes. They contribute to the structural integrity of tissues by binding water and forming a hydrated gel-like substance, which provides cushioning and resistance to compression. They are also involved in cell signaling, cell adhesion, growth factor binding, and regulating the activity of enzymes. The composition and arrangement of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix are critical for tissue development, repair, and maintenance. For example, specific proteoglycans are abundant in cartilage, where they are essential for its load-bearing capacity.