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Polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks. A polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeating subunits. The repeating units are derived from monomers. In the process of polymerization, monomers bond to each other to form a long chain.

There are two main types of polymerization: addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. Addition polymerization involves monomers adding to one another in such a way that the polymer contains all the atoms of the monomer units. This typically occurs with monomers that have double or triple bonds. Condensation polymerization involves monomers reacting to form larger structural units while releasing smaller molecules such as water, methanol, or hydrogen chloride as byproducts. This type of polymerization usually involves monomers with functional groups that can react with each other.

Polymerization can be initiated by heat, light, or a catalyst. The reaction conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of initiators or catalysts, can significantly influence the rate of polymerization and the properties of the resulting polymer. Polymers are ubiquitous in modern life, forming the basis of plastics, rubbers, fibers, adhesives, and coatings. Their diverse properties, such as strength, flexibility, and chemical resistance, are a direct result of the specific monomers used and the way they are polymerized. Understanding polymerization is crucial for the synthesis and application of these essential materials.