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Moniäänisyys, or polyphony, refers to the presence of multiple distinct musical lines or voices occurring simultaneously within a musical composition. In polyphonic music, each individual voice is melodically and rhythmically independent, creating a complex and interwoven texture. This contrasts with homophonic music, where a single melody is supported by chords, or monophonic music, which features only a single melodic line.

The development of polyphony was a significant evolution in Western music, particularly during the medieval and Renaissance periods. Early forms of polyphony included organum, where a second voice was added to a pre-existing Gregorian chant. Over time, composers explored more complex contrapuntal techniques, leading to the intricate fugues and canons of the Baroque era. Composers like Johann Sebastian Bach are renowned for their masterful use of polyphony.

In polyphonic writing, the relationship between the voices is carefully managed. Each line retains its own melodic character while also contributing to the overall harmonic and rhythmic structure. The interplay between these independent voices creates a rich sonic tapestry. While polyphony is a hallmark of classical music, elements of multiple independent melodic lines can also be found in various folk traditions and other musical genres around the world. The term itself originates from the Greek words "poly" meaning many and "phone" meaning sound.