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modernizace

Modernizace is a broad process of social, economic, technological, and political change aimed at transforming traditional societies into modern ones. It involves industrialization, urbanization, modernization of institutions, education, and infrastructure, as well as cultural shifts.

Historically, modernization theory, popular in the mid-20th century, posited universal stages of development from traditional to

Modernizace encompasses a range of domains: economic transformation through industrialization and diversification; improvement of governance and

Contemporary debates emphasize that modernization is not automatic and can produce inequality, cultural tension, and environmental

modern,
typified
by
Rostow's
five
stages
of
growth
and
the
belief
that
economic
growth
leads
to
social
and
political
modernization.
It
influenced
development
policies
but
faced
criticism
for
Eurocentric
assumptions
and
linear
models.
rule
of
law;
expansion
of
education,
health,
and
social
protection;
modernization
of
infrastructure
and
technology,
including
digitalization
and
e-government;
and
changes
in
culture,
values,
and
social
norms.
The
path
varies
by
region
and
is
influenced
by
institutions,
capital,
governance,
and
external
influence.
impacts.
Critics
advocate
for
inclusive
growth,
sustainable
development,
and
consideration
of
local
contexts.
Measuring
modernization
uses
indicators
such
as
GDP
per
capita,
urbanization,
literacy,
life
expectancy,
and
technology
adoption.