metoicheia

Metoikeia was a status in ancient Greek city-states, particularly Athens, that referred to resident aliens. These individuals were free persons who had come to live in a polis from another city-state or foreign land, but they did not possess the full rights of citizenship. Metoikoi, as they were called, were obliged to reside in Athens for a significant period, typically for at least a month each year, and to register with a local official. They were required to have a citizen as a guarantor, known as a prostates, who was legally responsible for them.

While not citizens, metoikoi were not slaves. They could own property, engage in business and trade, and participate in certain aspects of civic life, although they were excluded from political participation, holding public office, and serving in the military, with some exceptions for emergency situations. Metoikoi were subject to taxation, including a special tax called the metoikion, and they were also liable for certain public services and liturgies, though usually to a lesser extent than citizens. Their presence was vital to the Athenian economy, as many metoikoi were involved in crafts, commerce, and other professions. Despite their contributions, their legal status remained distinct from that of Athenian citizens throughout their lives.