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Macromolecules are large molecules, essential for life, formed by the joining of smaller subunits called monomers. These complex structures play critical roles in cellular function and organismal development. The four major classes of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serve as a primary source of energy and structural components. Simple sugars like glucose are monomers, which can link together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose.

Lipids are a diverse group of molecules characterized by their insolubility in water. They include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids function in energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane structure.

Proteins are the workhorses of the cell, performing a vast array of functions. They are polymers of amino acids, which are linked by peptide bonds. Proteins act as enzymes, structural elements, transporters, and in immune responses.

Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, carry genetic information. They are polymers of nucleotides, each consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. DNA stores the blueprint for life, while RNA plays roles in protein synthesis and gene regulation. The specific sequence of monomers dictates the unique properties and functions of each macromolecule.