légbuborékok

légbuborékok, or air bubbles, are formed when a gas becomes trapped in a liquid or solid medium. They appear in everyday life, from bubbles rising in cooking to those seen in mineral waters. Bubbles arise through nucleation, a process where a small volume of gas forms around impurities or specific sites on a surface. Once formed, their growth is governed by the balance of pressure across the interface, capillary forces, and diffusion of dissolved gas.

In fluids, bubble dynamics are described by the Rayleigh‑Plesset equation, which accounts for inertia, viscosity, surface tension, and external pressure. The size, velocity, and interaction of bubbles influence processes such as mixing, gas transfer rates, and acoustic scattering. In industrial applications, bubble columns and aeration tanks rely on controlled bubble formation to enhance mass transfer in wastewater treatment, fermentation, and chemical reactors.

Bubbles also have significance in geological contexts, where gas bubbles trapped in ice or sediment reveal climatic conditions. In art, bubble-like patterns are produced intentionally in glassblowing, sculpture, and painting through techniques that trap air in viscous materials.

The persistence of a bubble depends largely on surfactants, which lower surface tension and stabilize the interface. Removal of surfactants or changes in temperature can cause rapid coalescence or collapse of bubbles, a phenomenon exploited in foaming beverages, personal care products, and food textures.