interferonii

Interferons are a group of cytokines, which are small proteins that act as signaling molecules in the immune system. They were first discovered in the 1950s and are classified into three main types: Type I, Type II, and Type III. Each type has distinct functions and is produced in response to different stimuli.

Type I interferons, also known as IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, are primarily produced by cells in response to viral infections. They play a crucial role in the innate immune response by activating antigen-presenting cells and enhancing the activity of natural killer cells. Type I interferons also have antiviral effects, inhibiting viral replication and promoting the death of infected cells.

Type II interferons, or IFN-gamma, are produced by activated T cells and natural killer cells. They are involved in the adaptive immune response, enhancing the activity of macrophages and promoting the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of infected cells. This helps in the presentation of viral antigens to T cells, facilitating the destruction of infected cells.

Type III interferons, or IFN-lambda, are produced by cells in response to DNA viruses and certain bacterial infections. They have both antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects, inhibiting viral replication and reducing inflammation.

Interferons are involved in various diseases, including viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. They are also being explored as potential therapeutic agents for these conditions. Interferons can be administered as recombinant proteins or as interferons themselves, which are produced by genetically engineered microorganisms.