hypoparatyreoidism

Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by insufficient production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. These small glands, located near the thyroid gland in the neck, are crucial for regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. When PTH is deficient, blood calcium levels drop (hypocalcemia), and blood phosphate levels rise (hyperphosphatemia).

The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is accidental damage or removal of the parathyroid glands during neck surgery, particularly thyroidectomy or parathyroid surgery. Autoimmune diseases, where the body's immune system attacks its own parathyroid glands, are another significant cause. Genetic mutations can also lead to congenital hypoparathyroidism, present from birth.

Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism vary depending on the severity of calcium deficiency. Mild cases may be asymptomatic, while severe hypocalcemia can cause muscle cramps, spasms (tetany), tingling or numbness in the lips, fingers, and toes, and fatigue. Chronic low calcium can lead to dry skin, brittle nails, hair loss, and cataracts. Neurological symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and in severe cases, seizures, can also occur.

Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure calcium, phosphate, and PTH levels. Treatment focuses on normalizing calcium levels and managing symptoms. This typically involves oral calcium supplements and vitamin D supplements to enhance calcium absorption. In some cases, a synthetic form of PTH may be prescribed. Regular monitoring of calcium and phosphate levels is essential to prevent complications.