epitypes

An epitype is a specimen or illustration designated to serve as an interpretative type when the original name-bearing type material is demonstrably insufficient to determine the application of a scientific name. It provides modern reference material that clarifies diagnostic features and helps stabilize nomenclature, without replacing the original type. The concept is used in both zoological and botanical nomenclature, though the exact provisions vary by code (ICZN for animals, ICN for plants).

Designation and requirements: A publication must explicitly designate the epitype, explain why the original type is inadequate, and describe how the epitype relates to the name-bearing type. The epitype must be deposited in a recognized collection and clearly linked to the name by citing both the original type and the epitype. The justification typically concerns diagnostic characters missing from the original type, such as certain morphological details, coloration in life, or molecular data.

Relation to other types: An epitype is not the primary name-bearing type; it does not replace the holotype, lectotype, or other original material but serves to interpret and fix the application of the name. If future material reveals better information, the designation remains a record of the clarified application, and its role is to support consistent usage of the name across studies.

Purpose and impact: Epitypes are used to resolve ambiguity when the original material cannot be used to define the taxon unambiguously. They enabletaxonomic comparisons and identifications to proceed with a shared reference, thereby reducing misinterpretations of names.