betaoxidácii

Beta-oxidation is a catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the form of acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria and peroxisomes. This process occurs in four main steps: oxidation, hydration, oxidation, and cleavage. Each cycle of beta-oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by two carbon atoms, producing one molecule of acetyl-CoA, one molecule of FADH2, and one molecule of NADH.

The acetyl-CoA produced can then enter the citric acid cycle to generate ATP, or it can be used in the synthesis of other molecules. The FADH2 and NADH are electron carriers that donate electrons to the electron transport chain, also leading to ATP production. Beta-oxidation is a crucial pathway for energy production, especially during periods of fasting or prolonged exercise when glucose levels are low.

The rate of beta-oxidation is tightly regulated by the availability of fatty acids and the energy demands of the cell. Hormones like glucagon and adrenaline stimulate beta-oxidation, while insulin inhibits it. Defects in beta-oxidation can lead to various metabolic disorders, known as fatty acid oxidation disorders, which can have severe health consequences. These disorders can affect different tissues, including the liver, heart, and muscles.