anionická

Anionické is an adjective used in Czech to describe things related to anions, negatively charged ions. In chemistry, anions are atoms or groups that have gained one or more electrons, giving them a net negative charge. Anions contrast with cations, which are positively charged ions formed by loss of electrons. In solution and in many applications, electric fields cause charged particles to migrate: cations toward the cathode and anions toward the anode, a principle used in processes such as electrolysis and electrophoresis.

Common examples of anions include chloride (Cl−), sulfate (SO4^2−), nitrate (NO3−), carbonate (CO3^2−), phosphate (PO4^3−), and hydroxide (OH−). Polyatomic anions may be named with endings such as -ide for simple ions or -ate and -ite for oxyanions derived from oxygen. Anions are central to salt chemistry: salts consist of cations and anions held together by electrostatic forces, and their properties depend on the nature of the ions and on solvation or lattice structure.

In solution, the movement of anions contributes to electrical conductivity. Anions also play key roles across chemistry, biology and environmental science, for example as part of buffering systems (bicarbonate, phosphate), as common inorganic anions in water quality (chloride, nitrate), and as organic anions in metabolism and detoxification pathways.

Analytical chemistry employs techniques such as anion exchange, ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis to separate and quantify anions. In materials science, the term anionické may describe polymers or polyelectrolytes bearing negatively charged groups, which influence properties like solubility, viscosity and interactions with metals or cations.

In Czech usage, anionické describes properties, reactions or processes pertaining to anions, including anionické sloučeniny (anion-containing compounds) or anionické výměně (anion exchange).