TGFß

TGF-beta (TGFβ) is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) superfamily, which includes several cytokines that play crucial roles in cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. TGFβ is a dimeric protein composed of two identical or non-identical subunits, each consisting of approximately 120 amino acids. The TGFβ superfamily includes TGFβ, activins, inhibins, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs).

TGFβ is primarily secreted by various cell types, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. It exerts its effects through binding to specific receptors on the cell surface, which then activate intracellular signaling pathways. The most well-characterized receptors for TGFβ are the type I and type II receptors, which form a heteromeric complex upon ligand binding.

TGFβ has a wide range of biological activities, including promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, as well as inducing apoptosis in certain cell types. It also plays a role in tissue repair and fibrosis, as well as in the regulation of immune responses. TGFβ is involved in various physiological processes, such as wound healing, organ development, and cancer progression.

TGFβ signaling is tightly regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications. Dysregulation of TGFβ signaling has been implicated in several diseases, including fibrosis, cancer, and inflammatory disorders. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying TGFβ signaling is of great importance for developing therapeutic strategies for these diseases.