Supersaturatsioon

Supersaturation is a state where a solution contains more dissolved solute than it can normally hold at a given temperature and pressure. This excess solute is held in a metastable state, meaning it is thermodynamically unstable but does not immediately precipitate out. Supersaturation is achieved by carefully cooling a saturated solution or by evaporating solvent from a saturated solution. For example, if a saturated solution of sugar in water is cooled slowly without disturbance, it can remain supersaturated.

Introducing a seed crystal, a tiny particle of the solute, or agitating the solution can trigger the precipitation of the excess solute. This process, known as crystallization or precipitation, returns the solution to a saturated state. Supersaturation is a critical concept in various fields, including chemistry, materials science, and pharmaceuticals. It plays a role in the formation of crystals, the purification of substances, and the controlled release of drugs. The degree of supersaturation influences the rate of crystallization and the size and morphology of the resulting crystals. Understanding and controlling supersaturation is essential for achieving desired product characteristics and process efficiency.