Spormetaller

Spormetaller, or trace metals, are metallic elements required in very small amounts by living organisms and present in the environment at low concentrations. They include elements such as iron, zinc, copper, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum and cobalt, among others. Some of these metals function as essential nutrients and enzyme cofactors, while others can be toxic at higher exposures.

In biology, trace metals participate in a wide range of processes. They act as cofactors in enzymes, facilitate electron transfer, support oxygen transport, and contribute to the structural stability of metalloproteins. Examples include iron in hemoglobin and cytochromes, zinc in numerous enzymes, copper in respiratory processes, manganese in photosynthesis and metabolism, and molybdenum in nitrogen metabolism. The bioavailability of these metals depends on chemical form, pH, and surrounding ligands.

Environmental presence and exposure occur through natural geochemical cycles and human activities such as mining, smelting, burning fossil fuels, and agricultural practices. Trace metals accumulate in soil, water, and sediments and can move through the food chain. Regulatory and health considerations distinguish essential trace metals from toxic ones; elements like lead, cadmium and mercury are of particular concern at elevated levels, while maintaining adequate intake of essential metals is important for health.

Measurement and regulation rely on analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Risk assessment covers exposure pathways, metal speciation, and regulatory limits set by health and environmental agencies.