Koenzyme
A coenzyme is a non-protein organic molecule that binds to an enzyme and is essential for catalytic activity. Coenzymes often act as carriers for electrons, atoms, or functional groups during enzymatic reactions. Most coenzymes are derived from vitamins, and their availability affects enzyme activity; they are distinct from inorganic cofactors such as metal ions.
Coenzymes can be categorized as prosthetic groups, which are tightly bound to the enzyme, or as cosubstrates,
Several well-known coenzymes include NAD+, NADP+, and FAD (oxidized forms that participate in redox reactions); coenzyme
Mechanistically, coenzymes often shuttle electrons or groups between substrates, undergoing reversible chemical changes that accompany the
Biological importance: Coenzymes are indispensable for metabolism, energy production, and biosynthesis. Dietary vitamin deficiencies can impair