Kõvadustähised

Kõvadustähised refer to systems used to classify and quantify the hardness of materials, particularly metals. These hardness scales are empirical and are based on the resistance of a material to deformation or indentation. Different scales exist, each employing a specific method and testing apparatus to measure hardness. Common examples include the Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop scales.

The Rockwell hardness test measures the depth of penetration of an indenter under a specific load. It's widely used due to its speed and simplicity. The Brinell test uses a hardened steel or carbide ball of a specific diameter that is pressed into the material's surface. The hardness is calculated based on the diameter and depth of the indentation. The Vickers hardness test, also known as the diamond pyramid hardness test, uses a square-based diamond pyramid indenter. It's suitable for a wide range of materials, from very soft to very hard. The Knoop hardness test uses a rhombic-based diamond pyramid indenter and is often used for brittle materials or thin surface layers.

Hardness values are typically expressed as a number followed by the scale designation, for example, "60 HRC" for Rockwell C scale or "200 HB" for Brinell hardness. These designations are crucial in material selection, quality control, and manufacturing processes. Understanding kõvadustähised allows engineers and technicians to ensure that a material possesses the required resistance to wear, scratching, and plastic deformation for its intended application.