IntermodalContainers

Intermodal containers are standardized, reusable cargo containers designed for seamless transfer among ships, rail, and trucks. They enable intermodal transport of goods across continents, protecting cargo and reducing handling.

The container system is standardized by ISO. The most common sizes are 20-foot and 40-foot containers, with widths about 8 feet and heights of 8 feet 6 inches or 9 feet 6 inches for high-cube variants. External length uses nominal figures; internal dimensions vary slightly by commodity. Common high-cube is 9 feet 6 inches tall. Dry cargo containers are the majority; tank containers for liquids, refrigerated containers (reefers) with built-in refrigeration units.

Materials and design: typically steel; aluminum is used for lighter-demand applications. Corner castings at the four corners enable stacking and locking, and vertical twistlocks facilitate secure handling and interchange between modes. Configurations include dry vans, reefers, high-cube, open-top, open-side, flat rack, and ISO tank containers.

Identification and safety: each container carries an identifying code per ISO 6346, including owner code, equipment category, serial number, and check digit. Safety is ensured by the CSC plate and periodic inspections. Maximum gross mass and tare weight are defined by ISO 668, and markings indicate weight, origin, and other essential data.

History and impact: containerization developed in the 1950s, popularized by Malcolm McLean, and revolutionized global trade by enabling standardized handling and rapid intermodal transfer. The system improved efficiency, reduced labor requirements, and lowered shipping costs, and remains a central element of today’s global supply chains.