Hydraatiota

Hydration is the chemical process by which substances interact with water. It can involve water molecules incorporating into a solid’s crystal structure, binding to ions or molecules in solution, or contributing to the maintenance of water content in living organisms.

In chemistry, hydration refers to the association of water with dissolved species. Water molecules form hydration shells around ions, stabilizing them in solution. The extent of hydration depends on charge density, temperature, and solvent structure. The hydration number is an average count of water molecules directly bound to the solute ion. Hydration energy is the heat released when hydration occurs and it affects solubility and reaction kinetics.

In biology and medicine, hydration describes the body’s water balance. Adequate hydration supports circulation, temperature regulation, and metabolic processes. Dehydration reduces blood volume and can impair performance and organ function; rehydration typically involves fluids and electrolytes to restore balance.

In materials science and geology, hydration influences minerals, clays, and cements. Some minerals undergo structural changes upon water uptake. Cement hydration is a chemical reaction between cement and water that yields binding compounds, providing concrete with strength. Hydration processes also affect soil moisture and geochemical weathering.