Carniolia

Carniolia, also known as Krajina, was a historical duchy within the Holy Roman Empire and later the Austrian Empire. Its territory roughly corresponded to the historical region of Carniola in present-day Slovenia. The region was first mentioned in historical records in the 9th century. It was part of the Frankish Empire, then the Duchy of Bavaria, and eventually became a distinct territorial unit.

The Duchy of Carniola was granted to the Babenberg dynasty in 1147, and later passed to the House of Habsburg in 1278. Under Habsburg rule, Carniola was administered as a separate crown land. The region was known for its agricultural production, including vineyards, and its mining industry, particularly for mercury. The capital of Carniola was Ljubljana, then known as Laibach.

During the Napoleonic Wars, Carniola was part of the Illyrian Provinces for a brief period before being restored to Austrian rule. In the 19th century, a Slovenian national awakening took place within Carniola, leading to increased cultural and political activity. Following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I, Carniola became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which later became Yugoslavia. Today, the historical territory of Carniola is entirely within the independent nation of Slovenia.