Bhikkhu

Bhikkhu is a term in Buddhism that denotes a fully ordained male monk. The word derives from Pali bhikkhu (Sanskrit bhikṣu), literally meaning “beggar” or “almsman,” reflecting the traditional practice of living on alms and relying on lay supporters.

Bhikkhus live according to the Vinaya, a detailed code of monastic discipline. In most traditions, becoming a bhikkhu requires two stages: pabbajja (going forth) to become a novice, followed by upasampadā (full ordination) to enter the monastic order as a bhikkhu. The bhikkhu Vinaya prescribes hundreds of rules governing conduct, ethics, and daily routines, guiding the community’s discipline and practice.

Daily life typically includes living in a monastery or temple, wearing robes, and participating in alms rounds, meditation, study, and teaching. Bhikkhus observe celibacy, poverty, and simplicity, renouncing personal wealth and secular possessions while relying on the lay community for sustenance and material support.

The bhikkhu tradition exists across Buddhist lineages, including Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. The female counterpart is the bhikkhuni, whose ordination lineage varies by tradition. In many communities, bhikkhus serve as teachers, retreat leaders, and custodians of monastic libraries, rituals, and temple life, while also contributing to education and social service.

Across cultures, bhikkhus are traditionally seen as dedicating themselves to the path of liberation, practicing ethical conduct, mindfulness, and wisdom, and guiding lay followers in the Dharma.