23cGAMP

23cGAMP, or 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP, is a cyclic dinucleotide molecule that serves as a crucial secondary messenger in the innate immune system. First identified in 2013, it acts as an activator of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, leading to the production of type I interferons and other cytokines essential for immune defense. The molecule is synthesized by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) when cytosolic DNA is detected, typically indicating viral or bacterial infection. Upon DNA recognition, cGAS catalyzes the formation of 23cGAMP from ATP and GTP. This cyclic dinucleotide then binds to and activates STING, triggering a signaling cascade that results in the expression of interferon-stimulated genes. Research has highlighted 23cGAMP's potential therapeutic applications, particularly in cancer immunotherapy and vaccine development, due to its ability to stimulate robust immune responses. Understanding this pathway has also provided insights into autoimmune diseases and inflammatory conditions.