underconfidence

Underconfidence is a pattern in which a person underestimates their abilities or chances of success, leading to hesitation, self-doubt, or avoidance that is not well aligned with actual performance. It can be domain-specific (for example, public speaking or math) or more generalized, and it often coexists with anxiety, low self-esteem, or negative self-talk. Underconfidence differs from modesty or cautious judgment when the doubt is persistent, disproportionate, and influential on behavior.

Causes of underconfidence include cognitive and emotional factors such as anxiety disorders, social evaluative fears, perfectionism, and negative feedback histories. Environmental and cultural influences, such as environments that reward deference or punishment for risk-taking, can reinforce underconfidence. Situational factors like unclear goals, lack of prior success evidence, or inconsistent feedback can also contribute to miscalibrated self-assessment.

The consequences of underconfidence can be broad. It may reduce willingness to take beneficial risks, hinder skill development, impair decision-making, and lead to missed opportunities in education, work, and social life. Persistent underconfidence can contribute to a cycle of avoidance, reduced performance opportunities, and reinforced self-doubt.

Assessment of underconfidence commonly involves self-report measures of perceived competence, as well as objective performance comparisons that reveal forecast accuracy (calibration). Domain-specific assessments, such as confidence ratings before and after tasks, help distinguish genuine impairment from temporary states of doubt.

Management approaches aim to improve self-assessment accuracy and reduce avoidance. Strategies include cognitive-behavioral techniques to challenge negative beliefs, behavioral experiments to test assumptions, structured feedback, skills training, gradual exposure to challenging tasks, and mentoring or coaching. Building aconsistent track record of success and reflecting on positive feedback can help recalibrate beliefs about one’s abilities.