spermicide

Spermicide is a chemical agent used to prevent pregnancy by inactivating or destroying sperm. It is available in several forms, including gels, foams, creams, suppositories (pellets), and dissolvable films. Some products are used alone for contraception, while others are designed to be used with barrier methods such as diaphragms, cervical caps, or condoms.

The most common active ingredient is nonoxynol-9. Spermicide works by disrupting the cell membranes of sperm, reducing their motility and viability. While effective at reducing pregnancy risk when used correctly, it does not provide protection against sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Some forms can irritate the vaginal lining, causing itching, burning, or allergic reactions, and frequent use may increase irritation or infection risk.

Effectiveness varies. Spermicide alone is less effective than many other contraception methods, with higher typical-use pregnancy rates compared with most hormonal methods or intrauterine devices. When used with barrier methods, effectiveness improves but still depends on correct and consistent application and timing. It is important to read product instructions, as different formulations have specific directions for use and timing.

Usage considerations include applying the product before intercourse, generally 10 to 15 minutes for gels and creams, or following the directions for films and suppositories. Reapply as directed for subsequent acts or prolonged sexual activity. Store products as directed and be aware of the potential for irritation or allergy. Individuals with a history of allergic reactions or who are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections should discuss contraception choices with a healthcare provider.