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sonarbased

Sonar-based refers to technologies and methods that rely on sound propagation through water to detect, identify, map, or track objects and features underwater. The term encompasses active sonar, which emits acoustic pulses and listens for echoes, and passive sonar, which monitors ambient sounds with hydrophone arrays.

Systems typically include transducers, signal processing hardware or software, and interfaces with navigation or data-display systems.

Applications span maritime navigation, underwater imaging (bathymetry, side-scan sonar, synthetic aperture sonar), object detection and classification

Operating principles involve several modalities. Active sonar uses transmitted chirps or pings and interprets time delays,

Data products commonly include sonar imagery, bathymetric maps, and acoustic intensity distributions. Benefits include high-resolution underwater

Active
sonar
measures
transmitted
signals
and
their
reflections
from
targets,
while
passive
sonar
analyzes
received
sound
to
determine
direction,
range,
or
movement
without
emitting
pulses.
(mines,
wrecks,
submarines),
fisheries
science,
marine
biology
studies,
underwater
communication,
and
localization
for
remotely
operated
vehicles
(ROVs)
and
autonomous
underwater
vehicles
(AUVs).
In
defense,
sonar
is
used
for
submarine
detection
and
coastal
surveillance.
amplitude,
and
Doppler
shifts
of
echoes
to
infer
target
properties
and
range.
Passive
sonar
relies
on
ambient
and
target-generated
sounds,
employing
beamforming
and
direction-finding
to
locate
sources.
Advanced
techniques
include
synthetic
aperture
sonar
for
higher-resolution
imagery,
multibeam
and
wideband
processing,
and
machine
learning
for
target
recognition.
sensing
and
all-weather
capability
in
darkness.
Limitations
arise
from
water
conditions
(temperature,
salinity,
turbidity),
frequency-dependent
attenuation,
noise
from
marine
life
and
traffic,
and
regulatory
or
environmental
considerations
regarding
sonar
impact
on
marine
ecosystems.
Ongoing
research
focuses
on
sensor
fusion,
energy-efficient
systems,
and
automated
analysis
to
improve
reliability
and
efficiency
in
complex
underwater
environments.