smallformfactor

Small form factor (SFF) refers to computer systems and components designed to minimize physical footprint and power usage relative to conventional desktop setups. SFF products span consumer desktops, compact servers, embedded devices, and specialized appliances, as well as chassis and cooling solutions optimized for restricted space.

Common SFF form factors include Mini-ITX (board size 170 × 170 mm) and Micro-ATX (244 × 244 mm), which enable compact cases and versatile layouts. Even smaller standards, such as Nano-ITX and Pico-ITX, are used primarily in embedded or highly space-constrained applications. SFF cases typically house low-profile power supplies (often SFX or SFX-L) and compact cooling solutions, with some designs relying on external power bricks or external GPUs.

Because space is limited, SFF builds often limit expansion: fewer PCIe slots, limited RAM slots, and smaller drive bays. Components commonly used include M.2 NVMe solid-state drives and 2.5-inch drives, with GPU options varying by chassis clearance. Thermal management is a key design consideration, as compact airflow must dissipate heat efficiently.

Applications for small form factor systems include home theater PCs, compact gaming rigs, business or edge servers, network-attached storage devices, kiosks, and digital signage. The category is defined by intent and size rather than a single standardized form factor, leading to a wide range of configurations.

Trends in SFF emphasize higher performance in smaller footprints, with improvements in mobile CPUs, energy efficiency, PCIe advances, and higher-density memory. The market includes commercially available prebuilt SFF PCs and customizable, DIY builds using compact microATX, Mini-ITX, or smaller boards.