shastra

Shastra, written as Śāstra in Sanskrit, means that which is taught or instructed, and by extension a treatise, rule, or science. It designates a textual genre of authoritative works that codify systematic knowledge on a given subject. In traditional Indian thought, shastras are the organized bodies of knowledge that structure disciplines, practices, and social norms.

In Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist contexts, shastras cover a broad range of fields. They include law and duty (Dharma Shastra), governance and polity (Arthashastra), arts and performance (Natya Shastra), architecture (Vastu Shastra), medicine (Ayurveda Shastra), astronomy and astrology (Jyotisha Shastra), and aesthetics and music (Sangeet Shastra). Many shastras are compilations drawn up by multiple authors over centuries, often with later commentaries that interpret or apply the text to changing circumstances.

Notable examples encompass Arthashastra, attributed to Chanakya, on statecraft and administration; Natya Shastra by Bharata Muni on dramaturgy, theatre, and performance; Charaka and Sushruta Samhitas on medicine; Vastu Shastra on architectural principles; Manusmriti as a key Dharma Shastra; and Jyotisha Shastra in the fields of astronomy and astrology. Shilpa Shastra refers to crafts, sculpture, and design, illustrating the breadth of the category.

Today, the term shastra remains in use as a descriptor for classical Indian disciplines, sometimes equated with “science” or “discipline.” While the dating and authorship of many works are debated, shastras collectively reflect a tradition of codified, systematic knowledge that has influenced religious, legal, cultural, and intellectual life in South Asia.