satellitter

Satellitter are objects that orbit a planet or other astronomical body. They can be natural, such as the Moon orbiting Earth, or artificial, launched to achieve a particular function. Natural satellites come in various sizes and compositions; artificial satellites are engineered platforms designed for communications, observations, navigation, science, and more.

The history of artificial satellites began in 1957 with the launch of Sputnik 1, the first human-made object placed in orbit. Since then, satellites have become central to modern life, enabling global communications, weather monitoring, precise navigation, and remote sensing for science and industry. The growth of large satellite fleets and constellations has accelerated in recent years.

A typical artificial satellite consists of a bus (the platform that provides power, propulsion, attitude control, and thermal management) and a payload (the instruments or communications equipment). They are placed into various orbits, most commonly Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), or Geostationary Orbit (GEO). Some satellites use sun-synchronous or polar orbits to obtain consistent lighting or complete global coverage. Power is usually supplied by solar panels with onboard batteries; onboard propulsion systems adjust the orbit and maintain orientation.

Operations consider end-of-life disposal to limit space debris. Debris risk, orbital slots, and regulatory oversight are important aspects of satellite governance. Satellites have transformed communication, navigation, Earth observation, science, and disaster response, and they continue to play a central role in both civilian and military activities.