salamandrivorans

Salamandrivorans refers to the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) and the disease it causes, salamandrivorosis. Bsal infects the keratinized skin of salamanders and newts, leading to skin lesions, hyperkeratosis, and impaired skin function. It was first described in Europe in 2013 after outbreaks in captive and wild populations and is regarded as a major threat to salamander diversity due to often high mortality in susceptible species.

Pathology and signs include rapid deterioration in condition, loss of appetite, lethargy, and visible skin abnormalities such as ulcers or peeling. Infected individuals may die from electrolyte imbalance and impaired osmoregulation caused by disrupted skin function. Susceptibility varies among species; some Asian salamander species appear more tolerant, while many European and North American species are highly vulnerable.

Transmission occurs primarily through direct contact between infected animals and via contaminated water, substrates, or equipment. The zoospore stage can persist in the environment, facilitating spread through the movement of animals and trade. The introduction of Bsal into new regions is a particular concern for native salamander populations.

Diagnosis is typically based on molecular testing, especially quantitative PCR on skin swabs to detect Bsal DNA, with histology used as a supplementary tool. There is no widely effective treatment for wild populations; in captive settings, antifungal therapies such as itraconazole baths have been used, alongside quarantine, decontamination, and containment measures. Prevention focuses on biosecurity, surveillance, and regulatory restrictions on the trade and movement of salamanders to reduce introductions and spread.