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radiotherapeutics

Radiotherapeutics, also known as radiopharmaceutical therapy, encompasses medical strategies that use radioactive substances to treat disease. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals deliver cytotoxic ionizing radiation to diseased tissues, most commonly cancer, with the aim of maximizing tumor dose while limiting exposure to normal tissues. They can be systemic, using radiopharmaceuticals that distribute through the body and accumulate in specific organs or tumors, or targeted, employing delivery vehicles such as antibodies, peptides, or small molecules that recognize tumor-associated receptors or antigens.

Common mechanisms include beta or alpha particle emission, delivering DNA damage and cell death within the

Delivery requires specialized facilities, shielding, and regulatory oversight; many agents are administered on an outpatient basis

targeted
cells.
The
choice
of
isotope,
radiation
type,
and
targeting
vector
determines
the
therapeutic
profile,
including
half-life,
tissue
penetration,
and
potential
toxicity.
Treatments
are
planned
with
dosimetry
to
estimate
absorbed
dose
to
tumors
and
critical
organs,
and
safety
considerations
include
hematologic
suppression,
renal
or
salivary
toxicity,
and
radiation
exposure
to
others.
Practically,
radiotherapeutics
are
used
for
various
cancers:
thyroid
cancer
with
Iodine-131;
neuroendocrine
tumors
with
Lutetium-177
DOTATATE;
metastatic
castration-resistant
prostate
cancer
with
Lutetium-177-PSMA-617;
Radium-223
for
bone
metastases;
and
certain
hematologic
malignancies
with
Yttrium-90
ibritumomab
tiuxetan.
Other
isotopes
such
as
Strontium-89
and
Samarium-153
are
used
for
bone
pain
palliation.
but
may
require
inpatient
care
for
higher
activities.
Radiotherapeutics
continues
to
evolve
with
new
isotopes,
delivery
strategies,
and
personalized
dosimetry
aiming
to
improve
efficacy
and
safety.