qawwal

A **qawwal** is a traditional form of devotional poetry originating from the Indian subcontinent, particularly associated with the Sufi tradition. The term derives from the Arabic word *qawwāl*, meaning "reciter" or "singer," reflecting its role as a poetic and musical expression of spiritual devotion. Qawwals are typically sung in Urdu, Hindi, or regional languages, often accompanied by instruments like the dholak, tabla, or harmonium, though they can also be recited without musical accompaniment.

The structure of a qawwal is flexible but often follows a rhythmic and melodic pattern that emphasizes repetition and emotional depth. It typically consists of a series of stanzas, each building upon the previous one, with themes centered around divine love, surrender to God, and the transcendent experience of *mawlid* (birth of the Prophet Muhammad) or other sacred events. The language is rich in metaphors, allusions to nature, and references to Sufi philosophy, blending poetic beauty with spiritual significance.

Qawwals are performed in Sufi gatherings, known as *maulāvi* or *khayrāt*, where they serve as a medium for communal worship and reflection. Over time, qawwals have evolved into various styles, including classical, folk, and modern interpretations, while retaining their core spiritual essence. The genre has also influenced other musical traditions, particularly in North India and Pakistan, where it remains a vital part of cultural and religious heritage.