pupuk

Pupuk, in Indonesian contexts, refers to substances added to soil or plants to supply nutrients needed for growth and higher yields. Broadly, pupuk can be organic or inorganic. Organic fertilizers include compost, manure, bone meal, and other natural materials that release nutrients as they decompose. Inorganic fertilizers are manufactured minerals and chemicals, including products such as urea (high nitrogen), ammonium phosphate (phosphorus), and potassium sulfate (potassium). Many inorganic formulations are sold as NPK products, designed to supply the three primary nutrients in specific ratios.

Forms and application methods: Fertilizers can be granular, pelletized, powder, liquid, or slow-release formulations. They may be applied to the soil, broadcast across fields, placed in bands near seed rows, or delivered through fertigation or foliar sprays. Application rates and timing depend on soil tests, crop type, growth stage, and local recommendations. Integrated nutrient management aims to balance crop needs with environmental considerations.

Environmental and safety aspects: Excessive or poorly timed use can lead to nutrient runoff, waterway eutrophication, nitrate contamination of groundwater, and emissions of greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide. Best practices include soil testing, using site-appropriate rates, adopting slow-release or stabilized products when suitable, and preventing spills or leaching through proper storage and handling.

Economy and regulation: Fertilizers are essential inputs in modern agriculture. Availability, pricing, and regulatory controls vary by country, with policies aimed at improving efficiency, reducing environmental impact, and promoting sustainable farming. The term pupuk also appears in local languages to denote both organic and inorganic fertilizers used in crop production.