polynitrates

Polynitrates are chemical species defined by the presence of multiple nitrate-containing functional groups within a single molecule or polymer. They most commonly refer to nitrate esters, where nitrate groups are bound to an alcohol-derived carbon framework as –ONO2, but the term also encompasses organic polynitro compounds with several nitro (–NO2) substituents. Polynitrates occur as small molecules as well as in polymeric materials in which the repeating unit contains a nitrate ester.

Prominent examples include glyceryl trinitrate, a tri-nitrate ester of glycerol used as a vasodilator and historically as an energetic plasticizer; nitrocellulose, a cellulose ester bearing multiple nitrate groups and a major component of smokeless powders and lacquer films; and various nitroaromatic polynitrates such as TNT, which contain several nitro substituents on an aromatic ring. The common feature is that multiple nitro or nitrate ester groups can influence oxygen balance and energetic output, but they often affect sensitivity and stability in different ways.

Applications of polynitrates span propellants, explosives, lacquers, and plastics. The exact use depends on the balance of energy content, mechanical properties, solubility, and sensitivity. Many polynitrates are sensitive to heat, impact, or friction, requiring careful handling and storage. Stability can be influenced by molecular structure, degree of nitration, and the presence of impurities.

Preparation generally involves nitration of suitable parent compounds such as polyols or polymers under strong acidic conditions, followed by purification. Safety and regulatory considerations are significant due to the energetic nature of many polynitrates; improper synthesis, aging, or contamination can lead to hazardous decomposition.