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pharmacologie

Pharmacologie, or pharmacology, is the scientific discipline concerned with how chemical substances interact with living systems. It investigates how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated, and how they produce therapeutic or adverse effects.

Key concepts include pharmacodynamics, the study of drug effects and mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics, the

Applications span drug discovery, clinical pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacovigilance. The field supports personalized medicine by considering

Methods used in pharmacology include in vitro experiments, animal models, and human clinical trials, supplemented by

Historically, pharmacology emerged in the 19th and early 20th centuries with advances in understanding drug actions

study
of
the
body's
processing
of
a
drug.
Together
they
inform
dose,
regimen,
and
expected
outcomes.
genetic
and
physiological
differences
among
individuals
and
populations,
as
well
as
factors
such
as
age,
organ
function,
and
comorbidities.
computational
modeling
and
pharmacometric
analyses.
Ethical
and
regulatory
standards
govern
research
and
patient
safety,
while
education
and
training
prepare
professionals
for
roles
in
medicine,
pharmacy,
industry,
and
academia.
and
the
development
of
modern
therapeutic
science.
Today,
the
discipline
integrates
molecular
biology,
physiology,
chemistry,
and
clinical
sciences
to
improve
the
efficacy
and
safety
of
medications
and
to
understand
how
they
influence
health
across
diverse
populations.