perovskiterelated

Perovskite-related materials describe compounds related to the perovskite crystal structure, typically represented by ABX3, where A is a monovalent cation such as formamidinium (FA+) or methylammonium (MA+) or cesium (Cs+); B is a divalent metal cation such as lead (Pb2+) or tin (Sn2+); and X is a halide (I−, Br−, Cl−). The term also covers related structures such as layered two-dimensional perovskites, all-inorganic perovskites, and double perovskites like Cs2AgBiBr6.

These materials exhibit strong optical absorption, long carrier diffusion lengths, high defect tolerance, and a tunable bandgap in the visible spectrum through halide composition and cation choice. Their properties can be engineered by mixing different A-site cations, B-site metals, and halides, as well as by creating layered (n = 1, 2, 3, ...) structures that improve stability while affecting electronic properties.

Perovskite-related materials have been studied for a range of optoelectronic applications, including solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and lasers. In photovoltaics, record efficiencies have climbed rapidly in a decade, with devices reaching well over 25% in laboratory tests. Tandem configurations with silicon are also pursued to boost overall power conversion.

Processing commonly uses solution deposition methods such as spin coating or blade coating, as well as vapor deposition. Stability remains a major challenge: exposure to moisture, heat, and UV light can degrade performance. Lead toxicity and environmental concerns drive research into encapsulation, robust device architectures, and lead-free options such as tin-based or double perovskites, though these alternatives face stability and performance hurdles.

Research on perovskite-related materials continues to emphasize scalability, device longevity, and reproducibility. Advances in solvent engineering, interface passivation, and 2D/3D hybrids aim to address stability while preserving high efficiency. The field is characterized by rapid progress and active discussion on commercialization and environmental impact.