orkestra

Orkestra is the term used in several languages to denote a large instrumental ensemble that performs orchestral music. An orkestra typically includes strings (violins, violas, cellos, double basses), woodwinds (flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons), brass (horns, trumpets, trombones, tubas), and percussion, often with a conductor. Depending on repertoire, keyboards, harp, and additional percussion may also be used.

The word derives from the Italian orchestra, via French and other languages. In Turkish and some Balkan languages, the spelling orkestra is common. In English and many other languages the form orchestra is standard.

A modern symphony orchestra evolved in Europe during the late Baroque and Classical periods and expanded through the 18th and 19th centuries. Traditionally, ensembles ranged from about 60 to 100 musicians, with size adjusted for repertoire and venue. Opera and ballet productions sometimes use larger pit or on-stage orchestras, while contemporary works may call for expanded wind or percussion sections or electronic instruments.

Dominant in daily work is the conductor, who directs tempo, balance, and interpretation. Orchestras perform a broad repertoire: symphonies, concertos, overtures, opera and ballet scores, and newer compositions; many are also involved in recordings and tours. Some ensembles are named Philharmonic or Symphony Orchestra to reflect their mission or status.