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néoplasme

Néoplasme, or neoplasm, is an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells that forms a mass or lesion. It results from genetic or epigenetic alterations that disrupt normal regulation of cell proliferation and death. Neoplasms arise from clonal expansion of a single precursor cell and may be benign or malignant.

Neoplasms are commonly classified as benign or malignant. Benign neoplasms grow slowly, are well circumscribed, and

Causes are diverse and include inherited genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, chronic inflammation, viral infections, and

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment, imaging, and tissue examination. Histopathology distinguishes benign from malignant neoplasms and

Treatment is tailored to type and stage. Benign neoplasms are often managed by surgical removal and have

do
not
invade
adjacent
tissues
or
metastasize.
Malignant
neoplasms
invade
local
structures
and
can
metastasize
to
distant
sites,
spreading
via
blood
or
lymphatic
routes.
Some
lesions
are
in
situ
or
pre-invasive
and
do
not
yet
invade.
lifestyle
factors.
Oncogenes,
tumor-suppressor
genes,
and
genome
instability
drive
neoplastic
transformation
and
progression.
The
tumor
microenvironment
and
angiogenesis
support
growth.
determines
grade
and
invasion.
Staging,
when
applicable,
assesses
extent
of
spread
and
guides
treatment.
an
excellent
prognosis.
Malignant
neoplasms
require
multidisciplinary
therapy,
including
surgery,
radiation
therapy,
chemotherapy,
and
targeted
or
immunotherapies,
with
prognosis
varying
by
cancer
type
and
stage.